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氯化物熔盐体系在能源、冶金及核能领域应用广泛，但其高温腐蚀特性严重制约工程化发展。聚焦镍基合金在氯化物熔盐中的腐蚀行为，揭示了“氯化–氧化”循环和杂质驱动腐蚀机制的核心作用。综述了影响镍基合金耐氯化物熔盐腐蚀性能的主要因素，包括温度、熔盐成分、环境气氛以及合金元素组成等。防护策略主要集中于熔盐净化与涂层技术。系统总结腐蚀机理与防护机制，为开发新一代高温耐蚀材料提供理论支撑。
Abstract：Chloride molten salts are widely acknowledged for their superior ionic conductivity, wide liquid temperature range, and remarkable thermal stability, making them highly valuable in various fields such as metallurgy, nuclear energy, and solar thermal storage. However, their aggressive corrosivity in high-temperature and harsh environments conditions presents a significant challenge for engineering applications. Nickel-based alloys, favored as structural materials for these systems, play a critical role in addressing these challenges due to their corrosion behavior and the protective strategies developed for them. This review systematically summarizes recent progress in understanding corrosion mechanisms, identifying key influencing factors, and advancing protective technologies for nickel-based alloys in chloride molten salts, while also suggesting directions for future studies. The corrosion of nickel-based alloys in these environments is primarily driven by the synergistic "chlorinationoxidation" cycle and impurity-driven effects. In molten salt settings, elements like chromium(Cr) and iron(Fe) react with oxygen to form oxides such as Cr_2O3. Simultaneously, chloride ions(Cl~-) penetrate the material, leading to the formation of volatile compounds like CrCl3 and FeCl2. These compounds move to the salt/gas boundary, where they react with oxygen(O2) to release chlorine gas(Cl2), thereby perpetuating a continuous corrosion cycle. Impurities such as water(H_2O) and oxygen(O2) in the salt worsen this process by generating corrosive substances like hydrochloric acid(HCl) and Cl2 through reactions with the salt, further degrading the oxide layer and selectively dissolving key elements. Four main factors influence the corrosion process: temperature, salt composition, surrounding gas conditions, and alloy makeup. Temperature variations significantly affect corrosion develops, lower temperatures favoring small, uniform pores due to surface reactions, and higher temperatures result in deeper, tunnel-like structures due to internal diffusion. The type of salt also plays a crucial role — salts containing alkaline earth elements such as magnesium chloride(MgCl2) and calcium chloride(CaCl2) exhibit greater corrosivity compared to those with alkali elements like sodium chloride(NaCl) and potassium chloride(KCl). Higher oxygen levels in the gas environment accelerate the breakdown of Cr_2O3 and exacerbate widespread corrosion. Within the alloy itself, increasing the chromium content beyond 12%–14% Cr by weight sharply enhances corrosion susceptibility, while molybdenum(Mo) helps block Cl~-penetration by forming MoO2, although its effectiveness depends on how it interacts with Cr and nickel(Ni). To combat corrosion, two main approaches stand out: purifying the salt and modifying the alloy surface. Adding magnesium during thermal purification can cut corrosion rates by 70%, but careful control is needed to avoid nickel loss. Electrochemical methods also show potential by removing harmful impurities like MgOH+ through targeted processes. On the surface, advanced coatings like NiCoCrAlYTa, applied using high-speed flame spraying, create a protective α-Al_2O3 layer after initial treatment. Similarly, Ni-Al coatings improved with aluminum and silicon additions enhance resistance to Cl~-by stabilizing the protective layer.Looking forward, research should focus on elucidating the synergistic interactions of multiple alloying elements across different scales, developing coatings that withstand heat and sudden changes, and employing real-time techniques to study salt-alloy interactions. For practical applications involving temperature fluctuations and radiation exposure, constructing models that account for combined effects and validating them over extended periods will be essential for advancing hightemperature molten salt technologies.
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基本信息:
DOI：10.20237/j.issn.1007-7545.2025.08.006
中图分类号:TG172
引用信息:
[1]吴家琛,谢锋,白云龙,等.镍基合金在熔融氯盐中的腐蚀研究进展[J].有色金属(冶炼部分),2025(08):73-82.DOI:10.20237/j.issn.1007-7545.2025.08.006.
基金信息:
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC2908103)
2025-02-26
2025
2025-05-08
2025-05-09
2025
1
2025-08-08
2025-08-08