有色金属(冶炼部分)

随着全球光伏装机容量的快速增长，退役光伏组件的回收处理已成为产业可持续发展的关键议题。本研究采用生命周期评价方法，以1 000 kg废弃晶硅光伏组件为功能单位，系统评估了“物理拆解-热化学处理-湿法”一体回收工艺的环境影响。结果表明：该工艺总物质回收率达到90.8%，其中铝边框（180 kg）、玻璃（686 kg）通过物理法高效回收，金属硅（34.68 kg）、银（0.50kg）通过湿法冶金有效提取。在环境热点识别方面，化学处理工段是气候变化的主要贡献者（54.5%），湿法提纯工段在资源消耗方面占据主导（57.9%）。原生与再生材料对比显示，一体回收工艺的综合环境影响降低87.0%，其中：银的综合环境影响降低99.93%，硅降低94.8%，铝降低95.4%，玻璃降低53.8%。研究验证了光伏组件回收的全面环境可行性，为回收技术优化和循环经济政策制定提供了科学依据。

The rapid expansion of global photovoltaic(PV) installed capacity has created an emerging challenge in managing end-of-life solar modules, with projections indicating cumulative PV waste reaching approximately 78 million tonnes by 2050. This study employs Life Cycle Assessment(LCA) methodology to systematically evaluate the environmental impacts of a coupled "physical dismantling-Thermochemical-hydrometallurgical recovery" process, using 1 000 kg of waste crystalline silicon PV modules as the functional unit. A cradle-to-gate system boundary was established encompassing three main processing stages: physical dismantling, thermochemical treatment, and hydrometallurgical purification. Life cycle inventory data were sourced from pilot-scale experimental data and LCA for expert 10.9.1 database, with life cycle impact assessment conducted using the ReCiPe 2016 midpoint method evaluating seven environmental impact categories including global warming potential, human toxicity, ecotoxicity, and resource depletion. For the multi-product recycling system, an allocation method based on "mass substitution value" was developed. The results show that the coupled recycling process achieves a total material recovery rate of 90.8%, with 180 kg aluminum frames and 686 kg glass recovered through physical methods, while 34.68 kg metallurgicalgrade silicon and 0.50 kg silver are extracted via hydrometallurgy. The glass pre-separation strategy theoretically reduces incineration energy consumption by approximately 85%. Environmental hotspot analysis reveals distinct contribution patterns: incineration contributes 54.5% to climate change, hydrometallurgical purification dominates resource consumption at 57.9%, and ecological-health impacts shows balanced distribution across stages. Comparison between primary and recycled materials demonstrates environmental benefits across all four recovered materials: recycled silver shows 99.95%’s scutting in carbon emissions (0.2 vs 30.1 kg CO2 eq), aluminum shows 96.6% reduction (59.7 vs 1 751.2 kg CO2 eq), silicon shows 96.4% reduction (11.3 vs 313.0 kg CO2 eq), and glass shows 57.9%'s reduction (224.3 vs 532.7 kgCO2 eq). For complex normalized environmental impact, silver decreases from 153.7 to 0.1(99.9% decrease), silicon from 136.1 to 7.1 (94.8% decrease), aluminum from 806.9 to 37.4(95.4% decrease), and glass from 304.2 to 140.5(53.8% decrease). The recycling process avoids high-energy stages including mining, ore beneficiation, and high-temperature smelting. Differentiated optimization strategies are warranted: renewable energy integration for incineration, chemical reagent recycling for hydrometallurgical purification, and enhanced worker protection for physical dismantling. These findings validate the environmental feasibility of integrated PV module recycling and support circular economy policy development in the solar industry.