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湿法冶金技术广泛应用于有色金属产业，然而常温常压浸出工艺处理低品位难选冶矿物时，存在浸出效率低的技术瓶颈。氧压浸出工艺通过在密闭容器内将反应温度提升至常压沸点以上，维持富氧环境，改善浸出反应的热力学条件，增强其动力学参数及物质传输效率，可有效提升浸出效率。系统阐释了该工艺的核心原理及其在锌、铜、镍等有色金属矿领域、贵金属领域以及二次资源有价元素提取方面的应用现状，通过典型工业案例的技术特性分析，总结了该工艺的技术特点、核心挑战和未来发展方向。揭示了氧压浸出工艺在资源高效利用和环境保护方面的重要意义，为有色冶炼行业技术革新和工程实践提供参考和指导。
Abstract：As the core backbone of the nonferrous metal industry, hydrometallurgical technology plays a critical role in mineral processing. However, when faced with the global trend of depleting low-grade refractory minerals, traditional normal-temperature and normal-pressure leaching processes suffer from insufficient thermodynamic driving force and sluggish kinetic rates due to limited reaction temperatures(typically ≤ 100 ℃) and low oxygen solubility(<30 mg/L). The oxygen pressure leaching process addresses these challenges by establishing a hightemperature(180–220 ℃) and high-oxygen partial pressure(1–3 MPa) environment within a closed autoclave. This elevates the boiling point of water and increases oxygen solubility to 50–80 mg/L, significantly reducing the Gibbs free energy of sulfide oxidation reactions and enhancing equilibrium constants. Meanwhile, elevated temperatures accelerate molecular kinetics, disrupt mineral lattices, and high pressure thins the mass transfer boundary layer, shifting the leaching mechanism from diffusion-controlled to chemical reaction-controlled. This enhances extraction rates of metals such as Zn, Cu, and Ni, effectively overcoming the efficiency bottlenecks of conventional processes.This study systematically elaborates on the core principles of oxygen pressure leaching. It uses oxygen as the oxidizing agent and acid or alkali as the leaching agent. In a high-temperature and high-pressure environment, the target metal is efficiently decomposed through redox reactions. Firstly, oxygen dissolves in the liquid phase under high pressure and, together with the ions of the leaching agent, diffuses and adsorbs to the reaction interface. Subsequently, a chemical reaction occurs at the interface. As the interfacial chemical reaction proceeds, the target metal dissociates in the form of ions, while a protective layer composed of inert substances and solid products is formed. After the completion of the leaching reaction, the system separates into leaching solution and residue. Among them, the leaching solution mainly contains target metal ions and unreacted leaching agents; the final leaching residue is mainly composed of solid products formed during the reaction, inert substances not involved in the reaction, and hydrolysis products of some metal ions.The applications of oxygen pressure leaching span across nonferrous metal ores, precious metals, and secondary resource recycling, each demonstrating unique advantages. In nonferrous metal ores, it efficiently processes sulfides of Zn, Cu, and Ni by leveraging high-temperature and high-pressure conditions to accelerate sulfide oxidation, enabling selective leaching of target metals while minimizing environmental impact compared to traditional roasting methods. For precious metals, particularly Carlin-type gold ores characterized by fine dissemination and refractory nature, the process enhances gold dissolution by breaking down sulfide encapsulation and promoting the formation of soluble gold complexes under oxidizing conditions. In secondary resource recycling, it shows great potential in treating copper smelting slag, Zn-containing steelmaking dust, and spent lithium-ion battery cathodes: it facilitates the recovery of residual Cu, Zn, and other valuable metals from industrial slags, converts hazardous heavy metals in dust into leachable forms for safe disposal or reuse, and efficiently extracts Li, Co, Ni, and Mn from spent cathodes, supporting the circular economy of critical battery materials. These applications highlight its versatility in handling diverse feedstocks with varying compositions and complexities. Through technical analyses of typical industrial cases— such as the acidic oxygen pressure leaching of Zn concentrate, alkaline ammonia leaching of Cu-Ni sulfides, and pressure pretreatment of refractory gold ores— the study summarizes oxygen pressure leaching's technical advantages(e.g., high metal recovery, environmental friendliness) and core challenges. These include: 1) complex reaction mechanisms involving multidisciplinary theories(chemistry, physics, materials science, and mechanical engineering); 2) unclear interfacial mass transfer laws; 3) insufficient understanding of physical field coupling; 4) severe corrosion of autoclave materials in high-temperature/pressure acidic/alkaline environments; 5) mechanical wear from mineral agitation; and 6) common hydrometallurgical challenges in waste acid treatment and sulfur slag utilization, which are critical for its green industrial transformation.In the future, the development of oxygen pressure leaching should focus on both mechanism exploration and equipment upgrading. For complex and refractory ores, such as those containing multiple associated elements and having intricate mineral structures, in-depth research should be conducted on the reaction mechanisms of multicomponent systems under oxygen pressure leaching conditions, and more targeted additives or pretreatment technologies should be developed. Regarding leaching equipment, its intelligence level should be enhanced to realize large-scale and automated high-pressure leaching systems. Materials resistant to high temperatures, high pressures, and corrosion, while exhibiting excellent mass transfer performance, should be developed to adapt to more stringent leaching conditions, extend equipment service life, and reduce maintenance costs.In terms of production models, the deep integration of oxygen pressure leaching processes with digital technologies represents an important direction. By constructing intelligent production systems, key parameters during leaching—such as temperature, pressure, oxygen concentration, and pulp density— can be monitored in real time and precisely controlled, enabling refined management of the production process, improving production stability and product quality consistency, while reducing labor costs and energy consumption. Simultaneously, efforts should be made to integrate oxygen pressure leaching with other advanced metallurgical technologies, such as bio-metallurgy and membrane separation technology, to form combined processes. This integration leverages the advantages of different technologies to address the limitations of single processes in handling specific ores or achieving specific objectives. Additionally, the oxygen pressure leaching process should focus on reducing in-process energy consumption. This can be achieved by optimizing process flows, improving heating and pressurization methods, and enhancing energy recovery and utilization efficiency, thereby boosting the energy efficiency of the process. This is crucial for lowering production costs and enhancing the process' s competitiveness.
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基本信息:
DOI：10.20237/j.issn.1007-7545.2025.09.007
中图分类号:TF803.21
引用信息:
[1]黎泽,王淼,史美清,等.氧压浸出工艺应用现状及发展趋势[J].有色金属(冶炼部分),2025(09):58-72.DOI:10.20237/j.issn.1007-7545.2025.09.007.
基金信息:
云南省重大科技专项计划资助项目(202302AB080016)
2025-06-13
2025
2025
2025-08-04
2025-08-05
1
2025-09-02
2025-09-02