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钒因其独特的物理化学性质在诸多领域都有广泛的应用，兼具重要的战略和经济价值。我国在钒冶金领域具有显著的资源和工业优势，但是仍然面临过程高效清洁化和产品高端化的发展挑战。由于含钒资源的复杂性和多样性，高效清洁提钒技术的发展引起了学术界和工业界的广泛关注。本文系统综述了各类含钒资源提钒技术的研究进展。首先，概述了全球钒资源分布与市场供需现状；其次，围绕“预处理—焙烧—浸出—净化—沉淀”这一主流工艺路线，详细分析了各环节的技术原理、研究进展与优缺点；特别地，对复合焙烧、多级浸出、新型沉淀等清洁高效新技术的发展现状与应用潜力进行了技术评述。最后，从技术整合创新、资源循环利用、清洁生产降碳、产品高值化多元化四个维度展望了未来钒冶金技术的发展方向。本文旨在为高效清洁提钒技术的研发与工业化应用提供参考。
Abstract：Vanadium, renowned as "modern industry's monosodium glutamate", is a critical strategic metal indispensable in fields such as steel strengthening, aerospace, chemical catalysis, and particularly vanadium flow batteries for large-scale energy storage. Despite China's significant advantages in vanadium resource reserves and industrial scale, its vanadium metallurgy sector faces pressing challenges related to high energy consumption, environmental pollution, and the need for product diversification and valorization. The complex and diverse nature of vanadium-bearing resources necessitates the development of efficient and clean extraction technologies, which has attracted widespread attention from both academia and industry. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the recent advances in vanadium extraction technologies, aiming to outline a path towards sustainable vanadium production. The review begins with an overview of the global vanadium landscape, including resource distribution(highlighting the dominance of vanadium-titanium magnetite and China's unique vanadium-bearing stone coal), market supply and demand trends, and the extensive application sectors of vanadium products. It systematically elaborates on the entire vanadium extraction process, which typically involves pre-treatment, roasting, leaching, purification, and precipitation, focusing on the technological progress for major resources like vanadium slag, vanadium-bearing stone coal, and secondary resources. The core of this technical review lies in a detailed and critical analysis of the key unit operations. For roasting, the workhorse for liberating vanadium from refractory phases, various techniques are compared. While traditional sodium roasting offers high conversion efficiency, it generates harmful gases. Calcium roasting is more environmentally friendly but suffers from lower vanadium recovery and requires subsequent acid leaching. Composite roasting demonstrates synergistic effects for improved efficiency, whereas additive-free roasting avoids pollution but demands extreme conditions. Emerging technologies like sub-molten salt roasting are highlighted for their high extraction rates at lower temperatures and potential for synchronous extraction of valuable elements like chromium, though challenges related to severe equipment corrosion and high reagent consumption remain. In the leaching stage, beyond conventional water, acid, and alkali leaching, the potential of environmentally benign organic acids is discussed. Process intensification methods such as pressure leaching(which omits the roasting step), electric field enhancement, and multi-stage leaching schemes are analyzed for their benefits in improving kinetics and reducing consumption, albeit often at the cost of higher operational complexity or capital investment. Bioleaching, though green, is hampered by extremely slow kinetics. The purification of pregnant leach solutions is critical for obtaining high-purity products. Established methods like chemical precipitation(simple but less selective), solvent extraction(high selectivity but costly organic phases), and ion exchange(suited for dilute solutions) are reviewed. Emerging techniques such as solvent-impregnated resins and selective capacitive adsorption are introduced as promising avenues for high-precision separation. For the final precipitation step, the review contrasts the industrially dominant ammonium salt precipitation(which produces high-purity products but causes ammonia-nitrogen pollution) with emerging ammonia-free methods using reagents like alcohols or organic acids, noting the need for cost reduction. The direct precipitation of high-value lowervalent vanadium oxides is also highlighted as a valuable strategy. Finally, the paper concludes with perspectives on future directions, emphasizing the need for integrated innovation. This includes the development of novel roasting systems and additive formulations, the creation of organic acid compound leaching systems coupled with reagent regeneration technologies, and the optimization of purification sequences. Furthermore, the review stresses the importance of establishing resource circulation models for by-products and waste streams, mitigating the carbon footprint through low-carbon processes and green energy integration, and diversifying vanadium products to meet the demands of high-end applications. It is envisioned that through interdisciplinary collaboration and a focus on fundamental research addressing engineering challenges, efficient and clean vanadium extraction technologies will advance significantly, fostering the green and sustainable development of the global vanadium industry.
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基本信息:
DOI：10.20237/j.issn.1007-7545.2026.03.003
中图分类号:TF841.3
引用信息:
[1]王晋,喻文昊,向俊一,等.高效清洁提钒技术进展[J].有色金属(冶炼部分),2026(03):476-492.DOI:10.20237/j.issn.1007-7545.2026.03.003.
基金信息:
国家自然科学基金资助项目（52404314,52304345）; 中央高校基本科研业务费资助项目（2024CDJXY003）~~
2025-09-09
2025
2025-12-04
2025
1
2026-03-01
2026-03-01