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随着新能源领域对锂需求的迅猛增长，油气田卤水因丰富的锂含量而成为一种潜在资源。系统评述了油气田卤水提锂的主要技术及其研究进展，重点分析了沉淀法、吸附法、膜分离法、萃取法和直接提锂技术（DLE）的技术原理、应用现状及存在问题。沉淀法操作简单但效率较低，且易受卤水中杂质离子的干扰；吸附法对高镁锂比卤水具有较好的选择性，但现有吸附材料的吸附容量有限；膜分离法具有较高的分离精度，但膜污染问题制约其长期运行稳定性；萃取法提取效率较高，但有机溶剂挥发可能引发环境风险；DLE技术兼具高效性和环境友好性，但其工业化应用仍受限于技术成熟度不足。基于当前技术瓶颈，未来研究应重点开发高选择性、大容量的新型吸附材料，研制抗污染、长寿命的分离膜材料，优化萃取体系以提高选择性和环境安全性，并加强DLE技术的工程化验证；同时，建议推动“油气+锂”资源协同开发模式，通过技术创新降低提锂成本，促进油气田卤水提锂技术的工业化应用，为实现资源综合利用和低碳化发展提供新思路。
Abstract：Lithium has emerged as a critical component in modern energy storage systems, with its rapidly growing demand necessitating exploration of alternative resources beyond conventional mineral deposits. Oil-gas field brines represent a particularly promising yet underexploited lithium resource due to their global abundance and potentially high lithium concentrations. This study presents a comprehensive, technology-focused review of lithium extraction methods from oil-gas field brines; systematically evaluate their fundamental principles, operational parameters, and industrial viability to develop optimized strategies for sustainable resource utilization. The geochemical distribution of lithium in oil-gas field brines exhibits significant spatial variability, with concentrations spanning nearly two orders of magnitude-from 11.8 mg/L in Iran's Marun oilfield to 493 mg/L in Russia's Udachnaya formation. Lithium recovery from these brines presents multiple technical challenges, including high Mg/Li ratios, complex ionic matrices dominated by Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+, and extreme environmental conditions characterized by elevated temperatures and high salinity. This review critically examines four conventional extraction methods(chemical precipitation, adsorption, membrane separation, and solvent extraction) alongside emerging direct lithium extraction(DLE) technologies that integrate multiple separation mechanisms. While chemical precipitation offers operational simplicity and low capital costs, it demonstrates fundamental limitations including low lithium recovery efficiency(<40%), dependence on solar evaporation, and significant climate sensitivity. In contrast, the adsorption technology using advanced manganese-based, aluminum-based or titanium-based ion screen materials shows excellent lithium selectivity, with the retention efficiency of ions such as Mg2+ and Na+ exceeding 99%, while maintaining excellent cycling stability with minimal capacity degradation. Membrane separation processes show particular promise for high Mg/Li ratio brines, offering 50%–70% greater energy efficiency compared to thermal evaporation, precise ion selectivity for high-purity lithium concentrates, and compatibility with automated continuous production systems. The advent of DLE technology represents a significant advancement, combining adsorption, ion exchange, and membrane processes into integrated systems capable of rapid lithium recovery without solar evaporation. Field demonstrations have achieved lithium recovery rates approaching 80%, though broader implementation faces challenges related to brine-specific process optimization and infrastructure requirements for energy and water supply. Future development should prioritize three key areas: 1) Advanced materials engineering to develop highselectivity adsorbents, fouling-resistant membranes, and environmentally benign extraction systems; 2) Integrated resource development models leveraging existing infrastructure through "oil-gas-lithium-polymetallic" co-production approaches; and 3) Sustainable process design incorporating closed-loop water recycling, waste valorization, and hybrid renewable energy systems to minimize environmental impact. By establishing systematic evaluation criteria linking brine characteristics to technological performance, this study provides a rigorous framework for method selection and optimization. The findings offer valuable guidance for developing sustainable lithium production from oil-gas field brines, addressing critical mineral demands for global energy transition while promoting responsible resource management practices.
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基本信息:
DOI：10.20237/j.issn.1007-7545.2025.09.009
中图分类号:TS396.5
引用信息:
[1]刘保磊,张雪玲.油气田卤水提锂技术研究进展[J].有色金属(冶炼部分),2025(09):81-97.DOI:10.20237/j.issn.1007-7545.2025.09.009.
基金信息:
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52174019); 油气资源与勘探技术教育部重点实验室(长江大学)开放基金资助项目(PI2021-06); 湖北省教育厅科学研究计划资助项目(D20201302)
2025-06-12
2025
2025-07-23
2025-07-24
2025
1
2025-09-02
2025-09-02