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退役锂离子电池（SLIBs）规模在全球范围内激增，其高效、环境友好的回收处理对新能源产业链的可持续发展至关重要。系统评述了当前应用于SLIBs典型正极材料（如NCM、NCA、LFP）的酸浸（无机酸/有机酸）与碱浸等主流湿法冶金方法，并从核心指标——浸出效率、工艺成本和环境负荷（如二次污染、能耗）三个方面，深入对比分析了火法冶金（高温冶炼）与湿法冶金（无机/有机酸浸出）两条主要技术路线的优缺点及其对环境的影响。重点聚焦并详细阐述了环境友好型生物浸出技术的最新进展，包括异养-自养微生物协同浸出、生物耦合强化（如添加还原剂）等策略。这些技术通过微生物群落产生的酸解作用（质子攻击）、氧化还原反应（改变金属价态）和络合作用（形成可溶性金属螯合物）等多重机制溶解金属化合物，显著减少了传统方法伴随的强酸/碱废液、有毒气体排放及高能耗问题。此外，也总结了火法-湿法联合浸出、生物-化学（生化）协同浸出等旨在结合不同技术优势的综合工艺的发展现状。最后展望了未来构建低碳、高选择性、低污染的绿色电池回收体系，最终确保其在经济可行性与环境可持续性上的双重目标，为锂电行业开发与应用绿色回收技术提供全面的参考依据。
Abstract：The surge in retired lithium-ion batteries(SLIBs) globally makes their efficient and environmentally sound recycling crucial for the sustainable development of the new energy industry chain. The mainstream hydrometallurgical methods such as acid leaching(inorganic/organic acids) and alkaline leaching, which are currently applied to recover typical SLIBs cathode materials(e.g., NCM, NCA, LFP), were systematically reviewed. It provides an in-depth comparative analysis of two primary technological pathways, i.e., pyrometallurgy(high-temperature smelting) and hydrometallurgy(inorganic/organic acid leaching), focusing on key metrics: leaching efficiency, process cost, and environmental footprint(e.g., secondary pollution, energy consumption). Current industrial recycling is dominated by physicochemical methods(pyro-/hydro-metallurgy), while biometallurgical technologies, despite their environmental benefits, face limited large-scale industrial application due to poor microbial adaptability to complex waste and significantly longer leaching cycles compared to conventional methods. This study emphasizes and elaborates on recent advances in environmentally friendly bioleaching technologies, including strategies like heterotrophic-autotrophic synergistic leaching and biologically coupled enhancement(e.g., adding reducing agents). These techniques dissolve metal compounds through multiple mechanisms exerted by microbial consortia: acidolysis(proton attack), redox reactions(altering metal valence states), and complexation(forming soluble metal chelates). This significantly mitigates issues associated with traditional methods, such as strong acid/alkali effluents, toxic gas emissions, and high energy consumption. The review also summarizes the development status of integrated processes like pyro-hydrometallurgical combined leaching and bio-chemical synergistic leaching, which aim to harness the combined strengths of different technologies. Although bioleaching demonstrates substantial potential in reducing environmental hazards, its industrial scalability faces challenges centered on microbial community screening, optimization, and tolerance enhancement(e.g., to high metal concentrations and toxic substances). Future research must prioritize: 1) Improving the tolerance of key microorganisms to harsh leaching conditions(low pH value, high metal ions); 2) Refining multi-process synergies(e.g., EPS-mediated mineral surface corrosion, microbially driven electrochemical reduction); 3) Establishing a comprehensive evaluation framework for SLIBs recycling encompassing technical, economic, and environmental dimensions. Addressing these critical issues is expected to accelerate the development of a low-carbon, highly selective, and low-pollution green battery recycling system, ultimately ensuring both economic viability and environmental sustainability. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive reference for the development and application of green recycling technologies in the lithium battery industry.
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基本信息:
DOI：10.20237/j.issn.1007-7545.2025.11.004
中图分类号:TM912;TF803.21
引用信息:
[1]秦子健,王佳,关蒙艺,等.锂离子电池正极材料浸出研究进展[J].有色金属(冶炼部分),2025(11):42-57.DOI:10.20237/j.issn.1007-7545.2025.11.004.
基金信息:
国家自然科学基金青年基金资助项目(52200141)
2025-05-07
2025
2025-06-17
2025-06-18
2025
1
2025-11-07
2025-11-07