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为系统阐明我国铜矿区生态修复中先锋植物与耐性微生物的功能特性及协同修复路径，立足于我国铜矿“一带三区”的资源分布格局，针对西南、华东、西北、东北、华北五大区域铜矿尾矿库的差异化环境胁迫（如高寒、酸化、盐碱、冻融等），系统梳理了各区域适配先锋植物的种类及其固土、控污、改良土壤等核心生态功能，综述了耐性微生物通过调控重金属形态、土壤理化性质，促进植物生长以强化生态修复的作用机制，阐明了植物和微生物的协同互作关系。在此基础上，提出三大优选策略：一是针对尾矿特性制定差异化修复方案；二是优选乡土先锋植物与耐重金属功能微生物，构建协同修复体系；三是通过强化植物-微生物互作关系，提升系统稳定性和修复效能。本研究旨在为不同区域铜矿尾矿库的物种筛选、群落构建及系统稳态调控提供理论依据，推动多技术精准耦合与生态协同修复策略的发展，实现矿区生态系统的长效恢复与安全性维持。
Abstract：This study has investigated the distribution patterns, ecological functions, and synergistic mechanisms of pioneering plants and tolerant microorganisms in the ecological restoration for copper mining areas in China. The objectives are to identify the dominant species and their adaptive strategies under differentiated environmental stresses and to establish optimized restoration approaches suited to the "One belt, Three zones" copper resource distribution pattern. Field surveys and literature analyses have been conducted across five representative regions, i.e., Southwest, East China, Northwest, Northeast, and North China, covering a wide range of environmental conditions including high-altitude, acidic, saline-alkaline, and freeze-thaw zones. Typical tailings samples and rhizosphere soils have been characterized physicochemical properties, heavy metal speciation, and microbial community structure, while native pioneer plant populations have been examined for growth performance, metal accumulation capacity, and soil-improving functions. The results reveal clear regional differentiation in plant and microbial community assemblages. In the humid subtropical zones of Southwest and East China, species such as Miscanthus sinensis, Cynodondactylon, and Pteris vittata have exhibited stronger tolerance to Cu, Pb, and Zn contamination, effectively reducing surface erosion and immobilizing metals through root stabilization and rhizosphere oxidation. In contrast, the xerophytic plants including Artemisia desertorum and Atriplex canescens have dominated in the arid and semi-arid Northwest, demonstrating salt and drought tolerance and the ability to maintain vegetation coverage under nutrient-poor conditions. In high-altitude or freeze-thaw regions, alpine species such as Elymus nutans and Kobresia humilis have formed the resilient communities that resist temperature fluctuation and promote organic matter accumulation. Across all regions, the accompanying microbial consortia have been characterized by the enrichment of metal-resistant bacteria(e.g., Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Arthrobacter) and fungi(Penicillium, Aspergillus), which participate in heavy metal transformation and enhance plant stress resistance. Functional analyses have indicated that these microorganisms regulate metal speciation through biosorption, precipitation, and redox transformation to improve soil pH, nutrient cycling, and enzyme activity, thereby facilitating vegetation establishment. The synergistic plant-microbe interactions have been found to be a crucial driver of ecological recovery. Microbial activity enhances root uptake and rhizosphere detoxification, while root exudates provide carbon sources and improve microbial colonization. Such positive feedback mechanisms have increased soil stability and accelerated the reconstruction of ecological functions in tailings areas. Based on these findings, three optimization strategies have been proposed:(1) the development of differentiated restoration schemes tailored to local tailings characteristics and climatic conditions;(2) the selection and domestication of native pioneer plants and functional microorganisms with strong metal tolerance to form synergistic consortia; and(3) the enhancement of plantmicrobe interactions through bioaugmentation and rhizosphere management to improve system stability and longterm remediation efficiency. In conclusion, this research has clarified the ecological distribution characteristics and synergistic mechanisms of pioneering plants and tolerant microorganisms in China's copper mining areas. It provides a theoretical and technical foundation for species selection, community assembly, and system regulation in regional ecological restoration. The results have also offered guidance for constructing multi-technology integrated, ecologically synergistic restoration models to support the long-term recovery and sustainable security of copper mine ecosystems.
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基本信息:
DOI：10.20237/j.issn.1007-7545.2025.12.015
中图分类号:X171.4
引用信息:
[1]谢文波,陈岩,徐佳佳,等.中国铜矿区先锋植物与耐性微生物分布特征及优选策略[J].有色金属(冶炼部分),2025(12):146-160.DOI:10.20237/j.issn.1007-7545.2025.12.015.
基金信息:
国家重点研发计划项目（2024YFD2200505）
2025-10-29
2025
2025
2025-11-05
2025-11-07
1
2025-12-03
2025-12-03