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真空冶金作为现代有色金属高效提炼的重要工艺，因其金属回收率高、工艺流程短、纯化效率高、绿色低碳等显著优势，已成为推动绿色冶金技术革新的重要方向。对现阶段常见的真空冶金技术及其优缺点进行了分析，论述了现代工业中使用较多的真空冶金案例，介绍了近年来我国真空冶金技术在铟、锡、锌、铅、硒、碲、银、金等关键金属资源综合利用方面的研究进展，系统综述了有色金属真空冶金技术的开发与应用，旨在推动我国真空冶金技术的发展与应用。
Abstract：Vacuum metallurgy has emerged as a transformative technology for sustainable nonferrous metal production, offering superior metal recovery, shorter processing routes, exceptional purification capabilities, and reduced environmental impact compared to conventional metallurgical methods. This paper provides a comprehensive review of vacuum metallurgy technology, encompassing its fundamental principles, process classifications, industrial applications, and future development trends, with particular focus on its application in China's nonferrous metal industry. Four major vacuum metallurgy processes: vacuum distillation, vacuum reduction, vacuum decomposition, and vacuum melting, were systematically examined. Each technique is analyzed in terms of its working mechanism, application scope, and technological advantages. Vacuum distillation, which exploits differences in component volatility, has demonstrated remarkable efficiency in separating metals like zinc, lead, and tin, achieving purity levels up to 99.999% in industrial applications. The vacuum reduction process enables the production of refractory metals such as titanium and tungsten at lower energy consumption, while vacuum decomposition proves particularly effective for processing rare metal compounds. Vacuum melting stands out in producing high-performance alloys for aerospace applications through effective impurity removal.China has made significant progress in vacuum metallurgy research and industrialization. The Vacuum Metallurgy National Engineering Research Center has developed innovative processes for various metal purification applications. For indium purification, a stepwise vacuum refining process achieves 99.99% purity with Cd, Zn, and Tl impurities reduced below 0.0005%. In zinc refining, a combination of two-stage fractional distillation and dynamic condensation technology enables production of 6N-grade ultra-high-purity zinc. The gasification-gradient condensation coupling process has successfully separated lead-silver alloys with silver recovery exceeding 95%, validated in 200 kg-scale industrial trials. The technology shows particular promise in processing complex secondary resources. For tellurium recovery from photovoltaic waste, a three-stage vacuum distillation process achieves 99.97% purity at 99% recovery rate. In precious metal recycling, vacuum metallurgy has replaced traditional cyanidation in processing lead anode mud, achieving direct recovery rates of 99.91% for gold and 99.25% for silver. This has led to the establishment of 220 kt/a precious metal processing capacity in China, demonstrating significant economic and environmental benefits.The environmental advantages of vacuum metallurgy are substantial. The closed-system design minimizes emissions, with energy consumption reduced by 30%–50% compared to conventional hydrometallurgical processes. The elimination of cyanide usage in precious metal recovery represents a major advancement in green metallurgy. Moreover, the technology's ability to process low-grade and complex materials contributes to more sustainable resource utilization. Despite these advances, challenges remain in equipment costs and certain technical limitations. The separation of elements with similar volatility, such as selenium and tellurium in azeotropic systems, requires further research. Recent studies on tray-type distillation units and forced convection techniques show promise in addressing these separation challenges.This review demonstrates how vacuum metallurgy is reshaping metal production paradigms in China and globally. The technology offers comprehensive solutions for circular economy objectives while meeting the growing demand for high-purity metals in advanced manufacturing sectors. With continued innovation and scaling, vacuum metallurgy is poised to play a pivotal role in the sustainable development of the global metallurgical industry. In order to accelerate the adoption of this transformative technology, future development should focus on several key areas: 1)Fundamental research on multi-physics coupling mechanisms in vacuum environments to optimize separation processes; 2)Development of intelligent equipment with advanced control systems for improved process stability; 3)Hybrid processes combining vacuum metallurgy with chemical methods for complex material treatment; 4)Integration with renewable energy systems to further reduce carbon footprint; 5)Expansion to emerging applications in e-waste and rare earth element recycling.
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基本信息:
DOI：10.20237/j.issn.1007-7545.2025.08.002
中图分类号:TF803
引用信息:
[1]李家荣,罗七斤,查国正,等.真空冶金的研究现状与进展[J].有色金属(冶炼部分),2025(08):14-28.DOI:10.20237/j.issn.1007-7545.2025.08.002.
基金信息:
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52064029); 云南省科技计划资助项目(202201BE070001-056)
2025-04-01
2025
2025-05-13
2025-05-14
2025
1
2025-08-08
2025-08-08