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随着新能源汽车产业的快速发展，全球废旧动力锂电池产生量急剧增加，战略金属高效回收成为资源可持续利用的关键课题。本文系统综述了废旧锂电池从预处理到有价金属回收的全流程技术现状，重点分析了不同工艺路线的原理、进展与挑战。预处理环节是回收工艺的基础，主要包括放电、拆解、破碎和分选等步骤。预处理效果对后续战略金属的回收效率及海外进口依赖度产生重要影响，也关系到海外进口黑粉原料的质量标准符合度。有价金属回收技术主要包括火法冶金、湿法冶金以及火法焙烧-湿法冶金联合工艺。火法冶金通过高温熔炼将镍、钴等金属还原为合金，流程短、处理量大。湿法冶金是当前应用最广泛的方法，通过酸浸、净化、分离等步骤实现金属回收。其中湿法冶金中的浸出技术又细分为无机酸浸出、有机酸浸出、氨浸、生物浸出、深共晶溶剂（DES）浸出以及电化学浸出等多种方法，净化与分离技术则进一步提升了金属的纯度。火法焙烧-湿法冶金联合法通过焙烧助剂实现锂的选择性转化与优先提取，再经湿法处理回收镍、钴、锰等金属。该方法兼具火法破坏晶体结构与湿法高选择性的优势，被广泛关注。随着欧盟《新电池法》及国内碳足迹政策推行，绿色、低碳、高效的回收技术将成为研发重点，也是推动锂电池回收产业走向规模化、经济化的关键路径。实现战略金属的循环利用，对保障新能源产业链安全与资源可持续发展具有重要意义。
Abstract：With the rapid development of the new energy vehicle industry, the global generation of spent power lithium-ion batteries has increased dramatically, posing significant challenges and opportunities for resource sustainability. The efficient recovery of strategic metals, such as lithium, nickel, and cobalt, from this growing waste stream has therefore become a critical research and industrial focus. This paper provides a comprehensive and systematic review of the current state of technologies across the entire process chain for recycling spent LIBs, from initial pretreatment to the final recovery of valuable metals. It meticulously analyzes the fundamental principles, recent technological progress, and persistent challenges associated with various process routes, offering a clear perspective on the evolving landscape of battery recycling technologies. Pretreatment constitutes the essential first stage, laying the groundwork for the safety and efficiency of all subsequent metallurgical operations. This phase encompasses a sequence of steps including safe discharge, mechanical or automated dismantling, crushing, and physical sorting. The primary objective is to separate and concentrate the valuable cathode active materials, while removing hazardous components and other inert materials. The effectiveness of pretreatment is paramount, as it directly determines the recovery yield of strategic metals in downstream processes, influences the economic viability of operations, and dictates the suitability of processed black mass for international markets, especially in light of newly established import standards that specify strict limits on impurity content. For the core recovery of valuable metals, three main technological pathways are extensively discussed: pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and integrated pyro-hydrometallurgical processes. Pyrometallurgy employs high-temperature smelting to reduce metals like nickel and cobalt into a collector alloy, a process valued for its robustness and high throughput, though it often fails to recover lithium efficiently, leading to resource loss. In contrast, hydrometallurgy, currently the dominant industrial approach, involves leaching the metals into a solution using various reagents, followed by a series of sophisticated purification and separation steps to isolate high-purity individual metal compounds. The leaching stage itself is highly diverse, encompassing methods such as inorganic acid leaching, organic acid leaching, ammonia leaching, bioleaching, deep eutectic solvent(DES) leaching, and electrochemical leaching.Following leaching, advanced purification techniques like solvent extraction and chemical precipitation are employed to achieve the high purity required for battery-grade materials. The pyrometallurgical roasting-hydrometallurgical combined process has gained significant attention for its potential to overcome the limitations of standalone methods. This approach typically involves a lower-temperature roasting step, often with specific additives, to selectively transform the cathode material. A common goal is to convert lithium into a water-soluble form while leaving transition metals in an insoluble residue, thereby enabling its preferential extraction via simple water leaching before the residual slag is processed by conventional hydrometallurgy. This combination leverages the structural degradation advantages of thermal treatment with the high selectivity and efficiency of solution chemistry, showing particular promise for improving lithium recovery rates and reducing chemical consumption. The broader context of battery recycling is increasingly shaped by stringent regulatory frameworks. With the implementation of policies like the EU's New Battery Regulation and growing emphasis on domestic carbon footprint management, the development of green, low-carbon, and highly efficient recycling technologies has become an urgent R&D priority. Future advancements are expected to focus on optimizing pretreatment automation, developing more selective and sustainable leaching chemistries, simplifying purification flowsheets, and enhancing the overall economic competitiveness of recycling routes. Overcoming these technical and economic hurdles is the crucial pathway for establishing a scalable and commercial viable lithium battery recycling industry. Ultimately, achieving high-rate cyclic utilization of strategic metals is of paramount importance for ensuring the long-term security of the new energy industry supply chain and promoting the sustainable development of critical resources.
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基本信息:
DOI：10.20237/j.issn.1007-7545.2026.04.003
中图分类号:TF803;X705
引用信息:
[1]王海北,邓超群,张磊,等.废旧锂电池战略金属回收技术现状[J].有色金属(冶炼部分),2026(04):743-759.DOI:10.20237/j.issn.1007-7545.2026.04.003.
基金信息:
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52554008)~~
2026-01-01
2026
2026-01-19
2026-02-13
2026
1
2026-04-10
2026-04-10