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水系锌离子电池凭借高理论容量、低氧化还原电位、高安全性和环境友好等优势成为下一代储能技术的有力竞争者。然而，锌阳极失效问题严重阻碍了其商业化进程。对此，对锌阳极的主要失效模式和机制进行了全面概述，并对其相关问题进行了深入分析。锌阳极失效问题主要表现为锌不均匀沉积加剧电极表面粗糙化，导致活性电极有效表面积大幅降低，同时加剧枝晶生长，增加短路风险；不可避免的析氢与自腐蚀反应加剧了活性锌损耗，在产生腐蚀产物抑制离子传输的同时导致电池内部压力升高，增加安全隐患；表面钝化使电池阻抗增加，降低锌利用率，造成离子传输受阻等。这些机制相互耦合，导致电池循环寿命缩短以及安全隐患增加。为解决上述问题，系统回顾了改善锌阳极的主要策略，包括通过玻璃纤维隔膜改性以及新型隔膜开发等方法实现隔膜功能化设计，以调控锌离子的传输路径，抑制枝晶生长与析氢副反应；通过引入电解质添加剂，借助静电屏蔽、吸附调控、原位SEI膜构建以及织构调控等方式诱导锌均匀沉积，改善电池性能；以及通过表面改性、基底探索、合金化等阳极改性策略实现界面稳定性，提高电池容量与循环寿命。这些策略聚焦于界面调控与反应动力学优化，有效抑制了副反应，实现了锌的均匀沉积，显著提升了电池性能，为水系锌离子电池的发展提供了重要支持。
Abstract：Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs) have emerged as a promising candidate for next-generation energy storage technologies, owing to their high theoretical capacity, low redox potential, excellent safety, and environmental friendliness. However, the failure of zinc anodes severely hinders their commercialization. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the main failure modes and mechanisms of zinc anodes, along with in-depth analyses of related issues. The failure of zinc anodes is mainly manifested in three aspects. First, uneven zinc deposition, triggered by the inhomogeneous distribution of electric fields and local ion concentration gradients, roughens the electrode surface. As zinc deposits preferentially at protrusions, it gradually forms sharp dendrites, which not only reduce the effective surface area of the active electrode but also penetrate the separator, significantly increasing the risk of short circuits. Second, hydrogen evolution and self-corrosion reactions are inevitable in aqueous electrolytes. These reactions accelerate the consumption of active zinc. The resulting corrosion products, which impede ion transport, increase internal battery pressure, and pose potential safety hazards, including battery swelling and leakage. Third, surface passivation occurs due to the reaction between zinc and water or oxygen in the electrolyte, generating a resistive film. This film increases battery impedance, reduces zinc utilization, and blocks ion transport channels, leading to a decline in battery performance. These mechanisms are highly interrelated, synergistically shortening the battery cycle life and raising serious safety concerns. To address these issues, this paper systematically reviews the main strategies for improving zinc anodes. These include functionalizing separators through glass fiber separator modification and developing novel separators. These methods can regulate zinc ion transport by creating a uniform ion flux, suppress dendrite growth, and mitigate hydrogen evolution side reactions. Electrolyte additives play a crucial role as well. By introducing additives that can form electrostatic shielding layers around zinc ions, or those that adsorb on the anode surface to control the nucleation and growth of zinc, uniform zinc deposition can be induced. Additionally, additives capable of in-situ solid electrolyte interphase(SEI) film formation and texture control further enhance battery performance. Anode modification strategies, such as surface modification, substrate exploration, and alloying, are also employed. Surface modification with polymers or coatings can improve interfacial stability, while exploring substrates with high conductivity and favorable crystal structures helps guide zinc deposition. Alloying zinc with other metals can change the electronic structure and surface energy, boosting battery capacity and extending cycle life. These strategies focus on interfacial regulation and reaction kinetics optimization, effectively suppressing side reactions, promoting uniform zinc deposition, and significantly enhancing battery performance, providing crucial support for the development of AZIBs.
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基本信息:
DOI：10.20237/j.issn.1007-7545.2025.11.016
中图分类号:TM912
引用信息:
[1]杨俊哲,朱明治,游鸿源,等.锌离子电池阳极失效与保护策略[J].有色金属(冶炼部分),2025(11):163-175.DOI:10.20237/j.issn.1007-7545.2025.11.016.
基金信息:
国家自然科学基金创新研究群体项目（52121004）; 湖南省芙蓉计划湖湘青年英才（荷尖）项目（2023RC3059）; 甘肃省科技计划重大专项（24ZD13GD013）; 国家重点研发计划项目（2022YFC3901603）;国家重点研发计划青年科学家项目（2023YFC2909100）; 广东省重点研发计划项目（2022B0111130002）
2025-04-23
2025
2025-05-03
2025-05-06
2025
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2025-11-07
2025-11-07